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French - Forming Plurals:  Adjectives and Nouns, Rendre plus Adjective, C'est vs. Il est, To Live, Object Pronouns

Forming Plurals:  Adjectives and Nouns

To form the feminine plural, just add an -s, unless it already ends in an s, then add nothing.  To form the masculine plural, just add an -s, except in these cases:  -al becomes -aux (exceptions: banal - banals, and final - finals); -eau adds an -x; and if it ends in an x or s already, add nothing.  Just remember to change the le, la, or l' to les.  

And of course there are more exceptions... some adjectives are invariable and do not have femine or plural forms.  Compound adjectives, such as bleu clair (light blue) and vert foncé (dark green), adjectives that are also nouns, such as or (gold) and argent (silver), and the words chic (stylish), bon marché or meilleur marché (inexpensive) never change.

Rendre plus Adjective

Normally, the verb rendre means to give something that you owe to someone, such as On rend ses devoirs au professeur.  It can also be used in the sense of to represent.  But rendre + adjective means to make someone or something + adjective.

Tu me rends si heureuse!  You make me so happy!
Le fait qu'il ne possède pas de voiture le rend triste.  The fact that he doesn't have a car makes him sad.

C'est vs. Il est

C'est + adjective + à + infinitive is used when the idea has already been mentioned; while il est + adjective + de + infinitive is used when the idea has not yet been mentioned.

Est-ce qu'on peut apprendre le chinois en un an?  Non, c'est impossible à apprendre le chinois en un an!  Can you learn Chinese in one year?  No, it's impossible to learn Chinese in one year!

Il est facile d'apprendre l'italien.  It is easy to learn Italian.

To Live

vivre-to live, be alive (veevr)
vis vee vivons vee-vohn
vis vee vivez vee-vay
vit vee vivent veev

The past participle of vivre is vécuHabiter is another verb that means to live, but it means to live in a place.  Vivre is used to mean the state of being alive.  A subjunctive form of vivire, vive, is often used in exclamations. Vive la France!  Long live France!

Object Pronouns

Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Disjunctives
je I me (muh) me me to me moi (mwah) me
tu you te (tuh) you te to you toi (twah) you
il he le him lui (lwee) to him lui him
elle she la her lui to her elle her
nous we nous us nous to us nous us
vous you vous you vous to you vous you
ils they les them leur to them eux (uh) them
elles they les them leur to them elles them

Note:  You have already learned the subject pronouns.  They go before the conjugated verb forms.  The Direct and Indirect Object pronouns go before the verb even though in English they go after it.  They also go after the ne in a negative sentence and right before the verb. The disjunctive always go after prepositions, or can be used alone for emphasis.

Sample Sentences:  

I buy some pants. J'achète des pantalons.
I buy them. Je les achète.
I give the box to you. Je vous donne la boîte.
I give it to you. Je vous la donne.
After you. (familiar) Après toi.
We go with her. Nous allons avec elle.
He doesn't leave her. Il ne la part pas.
He leaves her. Il la part.
I love you. Je t'aime. or Je vous aime.
She doesn't love him. Elle ne l'aime pas.

Note:  When you have more than one pronoun; me, te, nous, or vous come first, then le, la, or les, then lui or leur.  Me, te, le, and la contract to m', t', and l' when they precede a vowel, the same way je does.  In commands, the pronouns go after the verb, connected with a hyphen.  And the pronoun order changes a little too:  Le, la, or les come first; then moi, toi, (Me and te become moi and toi in commands) nous, or vous; then lui, or leur.

If you have pronouns, they go before the complete verb in regular sentences; but after the ne and before the form of avoir in negative sentences.

Nous lui avons parlé. We spoke to him/her.
Vous en avez écouté trois. You've listened to three of them.
Je t'ai demandé du pain. I asked you for some bread.
Il ne l'a pas aimé. He didn't like it/her/him.
Tu n'y as pas habité. You didn't live there.
Je ne vous ai pas parlé. I didn't speak (or haven't spoken) to you.
Nous ne l'avons pas fini. We didn't finish (or haven't finished)  it.

In the passé composé with avoir, direct object pronouns only must agree in gender and number with the past participle.

Je les ai aimés. I liked them.
Il l'a regardée. He watched her.
Elles nous ont écouté(e)s. They listened to us.

Note:  Add an e if the pronoun is feminine, and an s if it is plural.  The l' could mean him or her, so you might not need to put the extra e on the past participle.  The same for nous and vous.  They must have an s because they are plural, but it is unclear as to whether they are masculine or feminine.

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