1. S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singular polite, p.i. means plural informal, and p.p. means plural polite.  For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning.  (Lei instead of lei and Loro instead of loro.)  

2. Direct and Indirect pronouns go directly in front of the verb, except loro, which always follows the verb.  

3. With infinitives or participles, the pronoun (except loro) follows it and is written as one word.  This also is true of commands, except for Lei or Loro.  

4. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.

5. The i of mi, ti, ci, and vi changes to an e before lo, la, li and le.  

6. Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one word connected with the other pronoun (glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele).

If you use lo, la, li, le; the past participle must agree with them.

Most of the question words are invariable (they don't have to agree with the noun), but quale (which) and quanto (how much/many) must agree.  Note that these words do not require a noun to follow them.

Before singular nouns, quale is used, and before plural nouns, quali is used.
Quale camicetta compri?  Which blouse are you buying?
Quali maglioni compri?  Which pullovers are you buying?
Quali compri?  Which ones are you buying?

Quanto has four forms that follow the regular adjective pattern.  Quanto is masculine singular, quanta is feminine singular, quanti is masculine plural and quante is feminine plural.
Quanto denaro hai?  How much money do you have?
Quante camicette compri? How many blouses are you buying?
Quanto costa?  How much does it cost?

Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause and a main clause together in a sentence.  An antecedent is the noun or pronoun that the relative pronoun refers back to. The relative pronouns in English are that, what, which, whom, and whose. The relative pronouns in Italian are che, cui, il quale (and its forms), chi, quello che, quel che, and ciò che.

When the antecedent is a definite person, animal or thing, che, cui or a form of il quale is used.  Che is invariable and never used with a preposition.  Cui is also invariable, but it is always used with a preposition.  Il quale and its forms can be used with articles or articles plus prepositions.  It is mainly used in formal speech, writing and for clarity, and rarely in casual conversation.

La ragazza che vedi è mia sorella.  The girl whom you see is my sister.
Per le pillole di cui has bisogno ci vuole la ricetta.  The pills (of) which you need require a prescription.
Lei è la sola persona nella quale (or in cui) io abia fudicia.  You are the only person whom I trust.
È une medicina la quale (or che) non fa male allo stomaco.  It's medicine that doesn't upset your stomach.

When the antecedent is unknown or indefinite, chi is used when referring to people.  It is invariable and means "he/she who," "whoever," "the one who" and takes a verb in the third person singular form.  Quello che, quel che, and cìo che are all invariable and interchangeable.  They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which."

Chi sta bene non va dal dottore.  He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor.
Chi trova un amico, trova un tresoro.  One who finds a friend, finds a treasure.
Non capisco quello che dice.  I don't understand what he's saying.
Cìo che scrivi è sbagliato.  What you're writing is wrong.